Translation and cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese of two brief screening tools for youth at risk of psychosis: the Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ-16) and the PRIME-Screen

Abstract Introduction Prodromal characteristics of psychosis have been described for more than a century. Over the last three decades, a variety of studies have proposed methods to prospectively identify individuals (and youth in particular) who are at high risk of developing a psychotic disorder. These studies have validated various screening instruments and made them available in several languages. Here, we describe the translation into Brazilian Portuguese and cross-cultural adaptation of two such screening tools - the Prodromal Questionnaire-16 (PQ-16) and the Prevention through Risk Identification, Management, and Education (PRIME)-Screen. Method Two bilingual native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese translated the questionnaires from English. A native English speaker then performed back-translations into English. These back-translated versions were submitted to the original authors. They provided feedback and later approved the final versions. Results After translation and cross-cultural adaptation, no items needed to be changed in the adapted PQ-16 and four items were revised in the PRIME-Screen. After the peer-review process, we included two suggestions in the PQ-16 to facilitate use of the tool in our cultural and social contexts. The PRIME-Screen did not need further changes. Conclusion These new instruments can help screen Brazilian Portuguese-speaking patients who are at risk of psychosis in primary care.

Early screening tools for autism spectrum disorder in the past two decades: a visualized analysis / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo analyze the research hotspots and frontier trends in the field of early screening tools of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) over the past two decades. MethodsThe literature on early screening tools for ASD was searched in Web of Science core collection database from 2002 to 2022. CiteSpace was used for cluster analysis of keywords, to draw knowledge mapping. Research disciplines were analyzed and comprehensively interpreted. ResultsA total of 115 articles were included. The number of researches on early screening tools for ASD had been increasing over the past two decades. The research disciplines with higher publication volume included pediatrics, neurology and neuroscience, and psychology. A total of 191 keywords were identified, and the LLR keyword clustering analysis yielded eleven clusters. ConclusionModified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Revised with Follow-up (M-CHAT-R/F) and Brief Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) have been subjected to large-scale sample screening and follow-up observation for validity, demonstrating good psychometric properties and high clinical diagnostic value. The development of new early screening tools for ASD, validation of the reliability and validity of different language versions of the M-CHAT-R/F, and research on digital and networked M-CHAT-R/F are current research hotspots. Cultural adaptation of early screening tools for ASD and their application within the developmental monitoring framework may represent frontier research trends.

A scoping review of community-based geriatric assessment and screening tools used in South Asia

Background: Home-based comprehensive assessment and integrated care of the older people could be a key to relieve the pressure on the already overburdened health system. This review summarizes evidence on validated community-based geriatric assessment tools in South Asia. Methods: Guided by Arksey and O扢alley抯 five?stage scoping review framework, a total of 46 studies were included in the scoping review after searching from electronic databases and reference lists using the predefined eligibility criteria. Data were extracted on the main characteristics of included studies, identified instruments, and their psychometric properties of the tools. This review was reported in accordance with preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses-ScR guidelines. Results: Among the 46 included studies, 10 reported on instruments for medical assessment, 12 on tools for psychological conditions, 13 on tools for functional issues, 2 on social well-being, and 9 on tools with multiple domains of health. Most studies included participants from both gender and different social classes. Majority used measurements that were both self-reported or measured by the investigator, whereas only two instruments were designed to be used by clinicians. In the existing geriatric health assessment tools, environmental domain was neglected completely, and not a single tool considered in this review covered all 5 domains which influence regular life of the elderly. Conclusion: There are no validated tools available that can be used for comprehensive geriatric assessment in South Asia. There is a need to develop and validate culturally sensitive tools that can be used for assessing all the geriatric health domains.

Delirio en el paciente crítico pediátrico: impacto de las escalas de valoración en la detección y manejo precoz / Delirium in the pediatric critical care patient: impact of screening tools on early detection and management

En Chile la valoración del delirio en las unidades pediátricas de paciente crítico es una actividad dependiente de cada profesional de enfermería por lo que la prevención, valoración y el manejo viene siendo un desafío para enfermería. OBJETIVO: Analizar la efectividad de la aplicación de la escala Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) en la detección y el manejo precoz del delirio. METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica sistematizada utilizando las siguientes bases de datos Cochrane, Biblioteca digital Universidad de Chile, PubMed, Lilacs, EBSCOHost y Epistemonikos, en idioma inglés y español, entre los años 2012 y 2020. Los resultados fueron analizados con matrices CASPe o STROBE según el tipo de estudio. Se utilizaron 13 artículos que cumplen con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. RESULTADOS: La evidencia muestra por un lado que la utilización de escalas de valoración contribuye a una detección precoz del delirio y, por otro lado, que la escala CAPD es un instrumento con alta evidencia que sustenta su utilización por sobre otras escalas. CONCLUSIÓN: La utilización de la escala CAPD genera un impacto positivo en la detección y el manejo precoz del delirio, sin embargo, se recomienda que además exista un proceso de educación y acompañamiento a los profesionales de enfermería sobre prevención, detección y manejo del delirio.

In Chile, the assessment of delirium in pediatric critical care units is a dependent activity from nurses, thus prevention, assessment and management it comes challenging to this units. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effectiveness of the application of the Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAPD) scale in the detection and early management of delirium. METHODOLOGY: A systematic bibliographic search was carried out using the following databases: Cochrane, Biblioteca digital Universidad de Chile, PubMed, Lilacs, EBSCOHost and Epistemonikos, in English and Spanish, between 2012 and 2020. The results were analyzed with CASPe or STROBE tools according to the study type. 13 articles that meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria were used. RESULTS: The evidence shows, on the one hand, that the use of screening tools contributes to an early detection of delirium and, on the other hand, CAPD scale is an instrument with high evidence that supports its use over other scales. CONCLUSION: The use of the CAPD scale has a positive impact on the detection and early management of delirium, however, it is recommended that there is also an education process and support for nurses on prevention, detection and management of delirium.

Are other feasible options available for screening of risk assessment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at community level in Southern Coastal India

Background: Osteoporosis is a chronic debilitating condition which exhibits iceberg phenomenon. Identification at an early stage of disease will enable preventive measures to reduce the incidence of disease and complications. Owing to the cost of diagnostic test, this study, various screening tools such as WHO fracture risk assessment tool, osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians, simple calculated osteoporosis risk estimation and osteoporosis risk assessment instrument have been used for assessment, in order to screen postmenopausal women in the preliminary stages.Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 107 postmenopausal women carried over a period of five months.Results: Prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was 24.3% and 69.2%. The area under the curve for osteoporosis self-assessment tool for Asians (OSTA), simple calculated osteoporotic risk estimation (SCORE) and osteoporotic risk assessment instrument (ORAI) was 0.731, 0.407 and 0.172 respectively. OSTA proved to be effective in differentiating normal BMD from low BMD score (i.e., osteopenia and osteoporosis) with a cut off of 1.1, SCORE to be more effective in screening osteoporosis than the other tools because it had a higher positive probability with a cut off 22. FRAX tool predicted probability of five and three percent probability of major fracture and hip fracture risk in ten yearsConclusions: Various tools assessed in the studies can be utilized at community level for identifying high risk women in post-menopausal stage but with different cut offs. This will reduce the cost of screening and also facilitate non pharmacological measures to reduce the progression of disease.

Developmental assessment: practice tips for primary care physicians

Child development refers to the continuous but predictably sequential biological, psychological and emotional changes that occur in human beings between birth and the end of adolescence. Developmental surveillance should be incorporated into every child visit. Parents play an important role in the child's developmental assessment. The primary care physician should educate and encourage parents to use the developmental checklist in the health booklet to monitor their child's development. Further evaluation is necessary when developmental delay is identified. This article aimed to highlight the normal child developmental assessment as well as to provide suggestions for screening tools and questions to be used within the primary care setting.

Prospective Validation of The Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7, a Novel Geriatric Screening Tool, in Older Patients with Advanced Cancer Undergoing First-line Palliative Chemotherapy / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to prospectively validate the Korean Cancer Study Group Geriatric Score (KG)-7, a novel geriatric screening tool, in older patients with advanced cancer planned to undergo first-line palliative chemotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Participants answered the KG-7 questionnaire before undergoing geriatric assessment (GA) and first-line palliative chemotherapy. The performance of KG-7 was evaluated by calculating the sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV), balanced accuracy (BA), and area under the curve (AUC). RESULTS: The baseline GA and KG-7 results were collected from 301 patients. The median age was 75 years (range, 70 to 93 years). Abnormal GA was documented in 222 patients (73.8%). Based on the ≤ 5 cut-off value of KG-7 for abnormal GA, abnormal KG-7 score was shown in 200 patients (66.4%). KG-7 showed SE, SP, PPV, NPV, and BA of 75.7%, 59.7%, 84.4%, 46.0%, and 67.7%, respectively; AUC was 0.745 (95% confidence interval, 0.687 to 0.803). Furthermore, patients with higher KG-7 scores showed significantly longer survival (p=0.006). CONCLUSION: KG-7 appears to be adequate in identifying patients with abnormal GA prospectively. Hence, KG-7 can be a useful screening tool for Asian countries with limited resources and high patient volume.

Application of STRONGkids to screen infants with lower respiratory tract infection and its possible in-fluence on clinical outcome / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To investigate the incidence of nutritional risk in infants with lower respiratory tract infection, and to compare the effects of different nutritional risks on clinical outcomes, and to provide evi-dence for clinical nutritional management of infantile lower respiratory tract infection. Methods Infants and young children with lower respiratory tract infection who were hospitalized in our hospital from January 2013 to March 2016 were selected as subjects. Nutritional risk screening was performed using the Nutritional Status and Growth Risk Screening Tool ( STRONGkids) . Results A total of 957 infants with lower respiratory tract infec-tions were included in the study. The incidence of high nutrition risk and low and medium nutritional risk were 17. 6％ and 82. 4％, respectively. The clinical cure rate was 68. 5％ and 71. 4％ respectively. The children with pneumonia and bronchitis had high nutritional risk. The incidence rates were 20. 60％ and 4. 87％, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=25. 52, P=0. 000) . Time-effect single factor analysis ( Kaplan-Meier method):The hospitalization time for infants with low nutritional risk and high nutri-tional risk was 9. 3 ( 0. 3) d and 13. 3 ( 1. 0) d, respectively. The difference between the two groups was sta-tistically significant. (χ2=28. 33, P=0. 000) , the total hospitalization expenses were 5653. 5 ( 224. 8) yuan and 10079. 5 ( 1755. 8) yuan respectively. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2=4. 47, P=0. 034) . Multivariate COX regression analysis:High nutritional risk was a risk factor for hospi-talization of hospitalized infants with lower respiratory tract infection ( RR=1. 57, P=0. 024 ) . Conclusion There is a high incidence of high nutritional risk in infants with lower respiratory tract infection. Compared with children with low and moderate nutritional risk, the hospitalization time is longer, the hospitalization cost is in-creased, and the clinical cure rate is lower, which is the risk of clinical outcome. factor. Therefore, it is neces-sary to conduct nutrition risk screening for infants with lower respiratory tract infections, and provide a theoreti-cal basis for clinical nutrition evaluation and nutritional intervention.

Revisión de diferentes herramientas de tamizaje nutricional para pacientes hospitalizados / Review of different nutritional screening tools for hospitalized patients

Introducción: la prevalencia de malnutrición clínica se encuentra entre el 20% al 50% de los pacientes hospitalizados. El tamizaje nutricional es esencial para poder identificar aquellos pacientes en riesgo de malnutrición y es el primer paso del proceso de atención nutricional. Objetivo: realizar una revisión bibliográfica de las diferentes herramientas validadas de tamizaje nutricional para pacientes hospitalizados. Materiales y método: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de trabajos de comparación de herramientas de tamizaje nutricional en las bases de datos de Pubmed, Scielo y Lilacs desde 2007 a 2017, más los artículos originales de los métodos. Las palabras claves fueron: herramientas de tamizaje nutricional, evaluación nutricional, malnutrición, pacientes hospitalizados. Se incluyeron todos aquellos artículos en idioma español e inglés. Se identificaron 82 artículos de los cuales se seleccionaron 11 que incluyeron población mayor de 18 años de edad y los estudios originales y de comparación de las herramientas de tamizaje nutricional validadas. Se excluyeron todas aquellas publicaciones de estudios con una muestra menor a 60 y evaluación de tamizaje nutricional para grupos de riesgo específicos. Desarrollo: se analizaron 11 estudios que comparan métodos de tamizaje nutricional. Las herramientas incluidas fueron: VGS, MNA, MNA-SF, MST, NRS-2002, MUST, SNAQ y CONUT. Los estudios resultaron ser heterogéneos en cuanto a las características de la población evaluada, número de pacientes, análisis estadístico, herramientas empleadas y patrones de comparación. Conclusión: es importante contar con una herramienta de tamizaje para detectar aquellos pacientes que se encuentren en riesgo de malnutrición y realizar una intervención temprana. El tamizaje nutricional es una estrategia de priorización que busca determinar la importancia y/o la urgencia de la intervención nutricional. La aplicación de procesos sistemáticos de detección de riesgo nutricional es esencial para poder realizar una intervención oportuna, tanto para disminuir la morbilidad, la mortalidad del paciente y mejorar su calidad de vida como para disminuir los costos que ésta genera(AU).

Introduction: the prevalence of clinical malnutrition among hospitalized patients ranges between 20% and 50%. Nutritional screening is essential to identify those patients at risk of malnutrition and constitutes the first step towards nutrition care process. Aim: to carry out a literature review of the different validated nutritional screening tools for hospitalized patients. Materials and Methods: a review of nutritional screening tools in the databases Pubmed, Scielo and Lilacs from 2007 to 2017, plus the original articles of the screening tools methods. The key words were: nutritional screening tools, nutritional assessment, malnutrition, hospitalized patients. All articles in Spanish and English were included. 82 particles were identified, out of which 11 included a population over 18 years old, plus the original works, and those of comparison of the nutritional screening tools that were validated. It were excluded studies with sample number under 60 and with nutritional screening tools for specific risk groups. Results: 11 studies that compare nutritional screening tools were identified. The tools included were: SGA, MNA, MNA-SF, MST, NRS-2002, MUST, SNAQ and CONUT. The studies turned out to be heterogeneous regarding characteristics of the population assessed, number of patients, statistical analysis, tools used and comparison patterns. Conclusion: It is important to count on a malnutrition screening tool to detect those patients at risk of malnutrition, in order to do early intervention. Nutritional screening is a strategy to prioritize the importance and/ or urgency of nutritional intervention. The application of systematic processes for the detection of nutritional risk is essential to carry out a timely intervention, so as to decrease the patient's morbidity and mortality, to improve his/her quality of life, and to diminish the costs generated(AU).

Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illness, and Loss for elder inpatients / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To translate the English version of Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illness, and Loss (FRAIL) for elder patients into Chinese, and to test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of FRAIL.@*Methods@#After obtaining authorization from the developer, the FRAIL was translated and culturally adapted into Chinese version. The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of FRAIL were tested in 179 patients.@*Results@#The Cronbach α coefficient was 0.826. The test-retest reliability was 0.828. Two nurses used the scale to evaluate the consistency of the results and the Kappa coefficient was 0.892. The content validity index of the I-CVI ranged from 0.93 to 1.00, and the S-CVI/Ave index was 0.98. The correlations coefficients between each dimension score and the total score ranged from 0.637 to 0.865(P<0.01). and the correlations coefficients between each dimension score ranged from 0.277 to 0.817(P<0.01, P<0.05), The KMO index of factor analysis was 0.766. Five factors were extracted from exploratory factor analysis, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 77.572%. The load value of each item on the corresponding factor was 0.560 to 0.889.@*Conclusions@#The Chinese version of FRAIL has been proved to have good reliability and validity. It can be used to assess elderly patients risk of frailty in the Chinese settings.

The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Infant Feeding & Nutrition Checklist For Congenital Heart Disease / 中华护理杂志

Objective To translate the English version of Infant Feeding & Nutrition Checklist For Congenital Heart Disease (IFNC:CHD) into Chinese,and to test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of IFNC:CHD.Methods After obtaining authorization from the developer,the IFNC:CHD was translated and culturally adapted into Chinese version.The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of IFNC:CHD were tested in 168 patients.Results The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.804.Two nurses used the scale to evaluate the consistency of the results,and the Kappa coefficient was 0.812.The content validity index of item ranged from 0.80 to 1.00,and the average index was 0.90 for the total scale.The correlations coefficients between each dimension score and the total score ranged from 0.339 to 0.474 (P＜0.01),and the correlations coefficients between each dimension score ranged from 0.198 to 0.861(P＜0.01,P＜0.05),Three factors were extracted from exploratory factor analysis,and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 72.66％.Conclusion The Chinese version of IFNC:CHD has been proved to have good reliability and validity.It can be used to assess infant feeding and nutritional risk of congenital heart disease in the Chinese settings.

Estudos psicométricos de instrumentos breves de rastreio para múltiplos transtornos mentais / Psychometric studies of brief screening tools for multiple mental disorders

Objetivo Realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre as características psicométricas de instrumentos breves para rastreamento de múltiplos transtornos mentais em cuidados primários de saúde. Métodos Revisão sistemática da literatura nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs, SciELO e ISI, de artigos publicados até abril de 2014, utilizando descritores sobre rastreamento breve de múltiplos transtornos mentais em cuidados primários de saúde. Resultados Foram obtidos 277 estudos e selecionados 15 após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Oito estudos analisaram confiabilidade e/ou consistência interna e os resultados mostraram índices bastante satisfatórios. Nos artigos selecionados, estavam presentes as análises das validades preditiva, concorrente e discriminante. Conclusão As escalas de rastreamento são úteis para a triagem de pacientes com possíveis transtornos mentais, e o uso desses instrumentos melhoraria a capacidade de detecção desses transtornos em cuidados primários de saúde. .

Objective Conduct a systematic literature review about psychometric characteristics of brief tools used for screening multiple mental disorders in primary health care. Methods Systematic literature review on PubMed, Lilacs, SciELO and ISI databases until April 2014 using key words related to brief screening of multiple mental disorders in primary health care. Results Were obtained 277 articles; 15 articles were selected after considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eight articles assessed reliability and/or internal consistency and results showed satisfactory indices. In the selected articles, were present analyzes of predictive validity, concurrent and discriminant. Results ranged from moderate to good. Conclusion Screening scales are useful to identify patients with possible mental disorders and they increase chances of detecting such disorders in primary health care. .

Nutrition risk screen tools for hospitalized children / 中国小儿急救医学

Malnutrition is highly prevalent in hospitalized children and has been associated with rele-vant clinical outcomes.Timely nutrition risk screening and reasonable nutrition support therapy subsequently for the high risk patients is the best and standard way.Five nutrition risk screening tools have been developed to identify the nutritional risk in hospitalized children.Even though nutrition risk screening is a necessary part of standard pediatric care,there are no international standardized screening tools for pediatric inpatients so far.The near future will provide us with comparative data on teh exi sting tools which may oc ntribute to deve-loping a standard for admitted nutrti ion risk screening in pediatrics.

Developmental Screening Tools: Feasibility of Use at Primary Healthcare Level in Low- and Middle-income Settings.

An estimated 150 million children have a disability. Early identification of developmental disabilities is a high priority for the World Health Organization to allow action to reduce impairments through Gap Action Program on mental health. The study identified the feasibility of using the developmental screening and monitoring tools for children aged 0-3 year(s) by non-specialist primary healthcare providers in low-resource settings. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify the tools, assess their psychometric properties, and feasibility of use in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Key indicators to examine feasibility in LMICs were derived from a consultation with 23 international experts. We identified 426 studies from which 14 tools used in LMICs were extracted for further examination. Three tools reported adequate psychometric properties and met most of the feasibility criteria. Three tools appear promising for use in identifying and monitoring young children with disabilities at primary healthcare level in LMICs. Further research and development are needed to optimize these tools.

Herramientas de screening del desarrollo psicomotor en Latinoamérica / Psychomotor development screening tools in Latin America

Primary Care physicians play an important role in detecting psychomotor development problems. There are a number of useful tools available for this purpose. This paper provides a review of the literature of some methods utilized in Latin America, with special emphasis on screening tools. A follow up protocol for patients with developmental delay is suggested in order to simplify the diagnostic process. Finally, a few hurdles in implementation of developmental control are pointed out.

El médico que trabaja en atención primaria cumple un papel fundamental en la detección de los problemas del desarrollo psicomotor. Actualmente se dispone de una gran cantidad de herramientas útiles para la pesquisa de este tipo de trastornos. En este artículo se presenta una revisión actualizada de algunos de los métodos de evaluación del desarrollo psicomotor más frecuentemente utilizados en América Latina, con especial énfasis en las técnicas de screening. También se presenta un esquema de seguimiento de los pacientes con retraso psicomotor a fin de simplificar el proceso diagnóstico y, por último se plantean algunas dificultades para implementar la vigilancia del desarrollo.

Comparison of nutritional risk screening 2002 and malnutrition universal screening tools for preoperative nutritional risk evaluation of patients with gastric cancer / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical value of nutritional risk screening 2002(NRS2002)and malnutritional universal screening tools(MUST)in the preoperative nutrition risk evaluation of patients with gastric cancer.Methods The preoperative nutritional risk of 3 14 patients who had been admitted to the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2004 to December 2007 was assessed by subjective global assessment(SGA),NRS 2002 and M UST,and the influence of nutritional risk on the incidence of postoperative complications and hospital stay was investigated.All data were analyzed by Wilcoxon test,Kappa test and Logistics regression analysis.Results Compared with SGA,the sensitivity,specificity,positive predicting value and negative predicting value were 86.7%,74.2%,86.9% and 73.8% for NRS2002,and were 73.1%,70.6%,74.8% and 68.7% for MUST.Compared with MUST,NRS2002 had a higher consistency with SGA(K_(NRS2002)=0.601,K_(MUST)=0.436).Logistic regression analysis revealed that patients with higher MUST or NRS2002 score had higher incidence of postoperative complications and longer hospital stay.In the aspect of hospital stay,the relative risk of MUST was 2.517,which was lower than 3.426 of NRS2002.The relative risk of MUST was 0.529,which was lower than 0.642 of NRS2002 in the aspect of incidence of postoperative complications.Conclusions NRS2002 and MUST are suitable for preoperative nutritional risk screening of patients with gastric cancer,and the score of NRS2002 or MUST is associated with the incidence of postoperative complications and length of hospital stay.However,NRS2002 is more accurate than MUST in the reflection of nutritional risk of patients with gastric cancer.

Identifying Depression Among The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Patients In University Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify depression among HIV- infected patients attending Infectious Disease Clinic in University Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). Methods: This is a cross sectional study on HIV- infected patients attending Infectious Disease Clinic, UMMC. Those who fulfilled inclusion criteria were recruited and interviewed. Socio- demographic characteristics and clinical conditions such as mode of transmission, year of diagnosis, CD4+ counts, drug treatment and clinical stage were collected. The patients were then subjected to self-administered questionnaires, Patient Health Questionnaire, (PHQ-9) and Hospital Anxiety & Depression Scale (HADS). Results: 89 patients were recruited. Scores from PHQ9 showed 32% of depression rate while scores from HADS showed 19% of depression rate among the respondents. Non-self financial supporter, non- alcoholic drinkers and females were more likely to be depressed (P<0.05). All clinical characteristics showed no statistical differences. Conclusion: The depression rate was lower compared to those from the studies in western countries. The risk factors for depression were different from those found in other studies as well.